MUST AND HAVE TO

MUST  AND  HAVE  TO...

   
                      You must study                                                             You have to exercise

We use MUST and HAVE TO to say that it is necessary to do something. Sometimes, it doesn´t matter which you use:

* It is later than I thought  I must go  or   I have to go.

But, there is a difference between must and have to and sometimes this is important.

Must is personal. We use must when we give our personal feelings. You must do something. I (the speaker) say it is necessary.            She is a really nice person. You must meet her

Have to is impersonal. We use have to for facts, not for our feelings. You have to do something because of a rule or a situation. ·         You can´t turn right here. You have to turn left (because of the traffic system).

If you are not sure which to use, it is usually safer to use HAVE TO.


You can use must to talk about the present or future, but not the past.

* We must go now.

You can use have to in all forms.

* I had to go to hospital (past).

Must and don´t have to are completely different.

You mustn´t do something= it is necessary that you do not do it (so, don´t do it). You must keep it a secret. You mustn´t tell anyone.

You don´t have to do something= you don´t need to do it (but you can if you want). I am not working tomorrow, so I don´t have to get up early.

ACTIVITIES

https://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-49540.php

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/2g8-must-have-to-difference.php

https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/Listening_Lab_Exercise_27_modal_verbs.html

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NARRATIVE TEXT

NARRATIVE TEXT

Definition of narrative

Prince: “The representation . . . of one or more real or fictive events communicated by one, two or several . . . narrators . . . to one, two or several narratees.”

A narratee is a person or character to whom a narrative is addressed.

The definition of narrative text

Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic events and it tries to find the resolutions to solve the problems. An important part of narrative text is the narrative mode, the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narration.

The purpose of narrative text

The Purpose of Narrative Text is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a story.

Generic Structures of Narrative Text
1) Orientation

Sets the scene: where and when the story happened and introduces the participants of the story: who and what is involved in the story.

2) Complication

Tells the beginning of the problems which leads to the crisis (climax) of the main participants.

3) Resolution

The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in a sad (tragic) ending

4) Re-orientation/Coda

This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It consists  of  a  moral  lesson,  advice  or  teaching  from  the writer.

Elements of narrative structure

Plot

•         Sequence of events involving characters in conflict situations.

•         Plot is based on the goals of one or more characters and the processes they go through to attain these goals.

•         Beginning, middle, end or introduction, problem, and resolution

Characters

•      The people or personified animals who are involved in the story.

•      Fully developed characters have many character traits

•      Appearance

•      Action

•      Dialogue

•      Monologue

Setting

Components of setting:

•      Location

•      Weather

•      Time Period

•      Time of Day

Theme

•      The underlying meaning of a story.

•      Truths about human nature.

–     Characters’ emotions and feelings

–     They can be explicit (stated openly) or implicit (suggested)

Point of view

First Person

–     Story is told through eyes of one person

–     Reader experiences story as the narrator views it

–     Found mostly in picture books

Third Person

–     Used so readers can know the viewpoint of one character

–     The author is godlike: sees and knows all

–     Found mostly in chapter books

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TAG QUESTIONS

QUESTION TAGS

                           

J. Herrera is the mayor of Soledad, isn´t he?   Carlos Vives sings vallenato, doesn´t he?

                     Yes, he is                                                               Yes, he does

                                              

                                     Esteban Chaves doesn´t play soccer, does he?      
                                         No he doesn´t.   He practices cycling  

  You haven´t seen Mary, have you?   No, I haven´t                                 

Does he? and have you? are questions tags (= mini questions that we often put on the end of a sentence spoken English).

Question tag is a question added at the end of a sentence. Speakers use tag questions mainly to make sure their information is correct or to seek agreement.

In question tags, we use an auxiliary verb (have/was/will etc). We use do/does/did for the present and past simple.

Karen plays the piano, doesn´t she?     "Well, yes, but not very well."

Positive sentence   +   negative tag

You didn´t lock the door, did you?  " No, I forgot"

Negative sentence     +       positive tag


AFFIRMATIVE                                                 NEGATIVE                                  ANSWER
  SENTENCE                                                 TAG QUESTION                           EXPECTED

Alexander is a good teacher,                               isn´t he?                                 Yes, he is

Mary likes mathematics,                                    doesn´t she?                      Yes, she does

Fabiola and Lila work in the same school          don´t they?                          Yes, they do


  NEGATIVE                                                AFFIRMATIVE                           ANSWER
  SENTENCE                                               TAG QUESTION                       EXPECTED

Mady is not a tennis player,                               is she?                                 No, she isn´t
Duperlis doesn´t like maths                             does she?                         No, she doesn´t
Martha and Ivon don´t work as nurses            do they?                              No, they don´t


The tag pronoun for this and that is IT.

The tag question for these and those is THEY.


This / that is your classroom, isn´t it?

These / those are your notebooks, aren´t they?


Formal English                                                       Common

I am late, am I not?                                              I am late, aren´t I?


After let´s... the tag question is ... shall we?

Let´s go to Panorama, shall we?

After the imperative ( Do / Don´t... etc) the tag is usually ... will you?

Open the door, will you?                                    Don´t be late, will you?


Tag question

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USED TO

USED TO

                                                                          

Mary and Sophia stopped playing with their dolls three  years ago.

They do not play with their dolls any more.

They used to play every day.

You can use USED TO to talk about past habits and situations.

Something used to happen: something happened regularly in the past but not longer happens.

                      I used to play tennis a lot but I do not play very often now.

I used to do something is past. There is no present form. You cannot say "I use to do" 

You also use USED TO ... for something that was true but it is not true any more.

This buiding is now a furniture shop, It used to be a cinema.

The formal question form is DID (YOU) USE TO...? 

Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?

Yes, I did  /  No, I didn`t

The negative form is DIDN´T USE TO

I didn´t use to eat a lot of sweets

ACTIVITIES

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